Chapter 9 Notes 8th Grade

Launching the New Government
1789-1800
Chapter 9

Washington Takes Office
April 30th, 1789 Washington takes office
Inauguration- ceremony in which the President officially takes office
Precedent- act or decision that sets an example for others to follow
Washington’s Cabinet
5 departments to Washington’s cabinet
Departments of: State, Treasury, War, Attorney General, and Postmaster General

John Adams- Vice President
Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the Treasury
Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State

Judiciary Act of 1789- called for the creation of the Supreme Court. 1 Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5 Associate Judges. It also set up the framework for district and circuit courts across the nation

Reducing the Nation’s Debt
National Debt- total amount a government owes to others
Bond- certificate that promises to repay the money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date
Hamilton’s Plan
Hamilton wanted to pay off old bonds by selling new bonds then paying those off as economy grew

Debating Hamilton’s Plan
Speculator- someone who invests in risky ventures in hopes making a profit
Speculators were buying up old Revolutionary bonds for pennies on the dollar. Hamilton felt in order to keep the nations trust, they must be paid in full. Congress agreed
James Madison was against Hamilton’s plan since it called for repaying state debt.
The problem is that by 1789 the southern states had repaid their Revolutionary debt.
North should do the same

Hamilton’s Compromise
South wanted the nation’s capital in the South
If they agreed with his plan it would move to Washington D.C.
They agreed
Moved from New York to Philadelphia then to Virginia in 1800

Plans to Build the Economy
Hamilton and Congress –
1791 Setup the Bank of the United States
Passed Tariff’s- taxes on foreign goods
The idea was to make foreign goods more expensive than domestic goods, promoting people buying American made goods
Northern states- industrial made most of the goods liked the plan
Southern states- imported a lot, did not

Whiskey Rebellion
To raise money for the Treasury, Hamilton and Congress approved a tax on liquor
Sparked a rebellion that would test the strength of the new government
Back country farmers often converted corn to whiskey for ease of transporting
They refused to pay and compared this tax to what British had done to the colonies
1794 tax collector in Penn. were tarred and feathered and marched and protests occurred
G. Washington responded quickly
Sends the militia, farmers heard they were coming and they fled and went home
Hamilton wants leaders of the rebellion executed
Washington disagrees and pardons them. Believed mercy was as important as strength
The rebellion showed that the government could respond quickly and firmly

8th Grade

For Wednesday, you need to have Section 5 notes in your note book and be ready for 8.1-8.4 quiz. Will finish talking about Section 5 on Wednesday and review. We will test over chapter 8 on Friday. Below are the notes.

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship
Chapter 8
Section 5

What is a Citizen?
Citizen- Person who owes loyalty to a particular nation and is entitled to all its rights and protections
To be a U.S. citizen you must fulfill 1 of 3 requirements
1) Be born on U.S. soil
2) Be naturalized- completed the official legal process to becoming a citizen
3) Be under 18 when your parents were naturalized

Becoming a Citizen
Resident Alien- noncitizen living in a country
After 5 years alien can apply for citizenship
Naturalized citizens enjoy all the same rights as natural-born citizens
Rights are not free…..citizens have some responsibilities

Civic Virtue and Democratic Values
Civic Virtue- willingness to work for the good of the nation or community even at greater sacrifice
Copied Roman model
Patriotism- feeling of love and devotion towards ones country
Total respect for everything
Personal and public responsibilities
Physical and moral courage

Responsibilities of Citizens
Voting
Obeying the Law
Defending the Nation
Serving on a Jury
Serving the Community
Being Informed

8.3 & 8.4 notes (8th Grade)

Here are the notes 8th grade. Please have these into your in your note book by Monday.

Thanks
Mr. C

Changing the Constitution
&
State & Local Government
Sections 3 & 4

Changing the Constitution
• Amendment Process
– Complex process that takes months or even years
– Can be ratified- approved 2 ways
• 3/4ths of state Legislatures must approve it
– Every Amendment but 21st happened this way
• By special convention, approved by 3/4ths of states

• Bill of Rights
– 1) Protects Basic Individual Liberties
• Freedom of religion, speech and press
– 2-4) Protect Against Abuse of Power
– 5-8) Protect Rights of the Accused
– 9) Citizen’s rights are not limited to the ones listed in Constitution
– 10) All powers not given to the national government or denied to the states are reserved for the states or the people

• Later Amendments
– 13-15) Civil War Amendments
• Dealt directly with slavery and the treatment and rights of African Americans
– 19) Gave women right to vote
– 26) Lowered voting age from 21 to 18

State and Local Government
• State Constitutions
– Every state has its own Constitution
– Follow the framework of Federal Constitution
• Preamble
• 3 Branch System
• Amendments-approved by people through a vote- 2 ways
• Constitutional Initiative- signatures on a petition
• Constitutional Convention- still needs votes

• States Provide Services
– Maintain Law and Order
– Supervise Public Education
– Public Health and Welfare Programs
– Build and Maintain Infrastructure
• Ex. Roads, Bridges, Tunnels
– Operate State Parks
– Regulate Use of State Owned Land
– Issue Drivers License

• Local Government
– Government on the County, Parish, City or Town, or Village level
– This government has the greatest impact on your every day life
– Perform all the same functions as a state government on a smaller scale

Chapter 8 Notes

Here is section 1 and section 2 notes. I will be checking your notebook on Thursday to make sure they are in there.....10 points.

Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution
Chapter 8
Goals and Principles of the Constitution
&
How the Federal Government Works

Sections 1 & 2
Goals and Principles of the Constitution
• Preamble: opening statement
– 6 goals
1)Form a More Perfect Union
2) Establish Justice
3) Insure Domestic Tranquility
4) Provide For Common Defense
5) Promote General Welfare
6) Secure Blessings of Liberty

• Articles & Amendments
– Articles establish a framework for government
• 1-3- describe branches of government
• 4- relations between the states
• 5- process of amending the Constitution
• 6- states may not make laws that violate the Constitution
• 7- process for states to ratify the Constitution

• Amendments
– 7 basic principles
Popular Sovereignty- people have the right to change or abolish the government
Limited Government
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Federalism- division of power between federal government and states
Republicanism- citizens elect representatives
Individual Rights

How the Federal Government Works
• Legislative Branch-
– 2 Bodies
• House of Representatives
– 435 members- based on state population
– 2 year terms
– Entire House up for reelection every other year
– Speaker of the House- leader of House of Representatives, 3rd in line to Presidency

• Senate
– 100 members- 2 per state
– 6 year terms
– 1/3 of senate up for reelection every 2 years
– Originally appointed by state legislature
– 7th Amendment changed that and people elected Senators
– Vice President rules over Senate, breaks tie votes

• Powers of Congress
– Make’s laws for the Nation
– Elastic Clause- “Congress can make laws which shall be necessary and proper”
• This clause allows congress to stretch its power to deal with a changing nation
• What is necessary and proper?
– Committees
• 10,000 bills a year. Not all could be heard by every Legislator. They break them down by topic. Agriculture, Banking, Business, Defense, Education, Science, and Transportation

• Executive Branch
– Most misunderstood position in our government
– Role of President
• Represents the nation around the world
• Sign bills into law
• Commander and Chief of Military
– Only Senate can declare war
• Welcome foreign leaders
• Make speeches on holidays and give out medals to heroes
• Electing a President
– Every 4 years
– 2 terms allowed
– People vote for Electors that cast their vote for them
– Can become President but lose the popular vote (2000 election)

• Judicial Branch
– 2 court systems
• State
– Trial Court -> Appellate Court-> State Supreme Court -> Federal Supreme Court
• Federal
– District Court -> Court of Appeals -> Federal Supreme Court
– Supreme Court
• Highest court
• 9 Supreme Court Justices
• Appointment for life
• Reviews lower court decisions
• Decide cases involving the Constitution

• Checks and Balances
– 3 branches of government limit powers of each other
– President checks Legislature by vetoing bills
– Senate checks President through impeachment and “power of the purse”
– Judicial checks both through declaring laws unconstitutional

2nd Quarter grade

As of 1 pm on 12/17 my grades are completed. I will still go back and insert comments on all grades but the grading of work and entering of grades is complete. I do have two 7th grade assignments without names and one 8th grade assignment without a name and I will be able to add those, if claimed, on Jan. 3 when we return.

I hope you all have a safe, restful and enjoyable Christmas Break and I look forward to seeing all of you when you return.

Be safe and have fun
Mr. C

7th Grade

Today the students studied independently for the first half of the class and the second half of class we got into teams and played review basketball.

The students have a test over sections 13.1, 14.1, and 14.2 on Monday (12/13).

We are closing in on the end of the quarter and the end of the semester. Let us all work together and finish the year out strong and on a good note.

Thanks
Mr. C

8th Grade

Today we finished up Chapter 7 study guide during the first part of class. We spent the second part of class playing review basketball. The students have their Chapter 7 test on Friday(12-10).

They should be studying 10 minutes EVERY night.

They also have their Constitution Test on Tuesday(12-14) of next week. Any student that is not here on that day needs to make arrangements to take the test before or Wednesday or Thursday. Grade will be completed and submitted to the front office at the end of the day on Friday(12-17) Below is a 2 minute summary of the Article of Confederation

Thanks Mr.C