Chapter 9 Notes 8th Grade

Launching the New Government
1789-1800
Chapter 9

Washington Takes Office
April 30th, 1789 Washington takes office
Inauguration- ceremony in which the President officially takes office
Precedent- act or decision that sets an example for others to follow
Washington’s Cabinet
5 departments to Washington’s cabinet
Departments of: State, Treasury, War, Attorney General, and Postmaster General

John Adams- Vice President
Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the Treasury
Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State

Judiciary Act of 1789- called for the creation of the Supreme Court. 1 Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5 Associate Judges. It also set up the framework for district and circuit courts across the nation

Reducing the Nation’s Debt
National Debt- total amount a government owes to others
Bond- certificate that promises to repay the money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date
Hamilton’s Plan
Hamilton wanted to pay off old bonds by selling new bonds then paying those off as economy grew

Debating Hamilton’s Plan
Speculator- someone who invests in risky ventures in hopes making a profit
Speculators were buying up old Revolutionary bonds for pennies on the dollar. Hamilton felt in order to keep the nations trust, they must be paid in full. Congress agreed
James Madison was against Hamilton’s plan since it called for repaying state debt.
The problem is that by 1789 the southern states had repaid their Revolutionary debt.
North should do the same

Hamilton’s Compromise
South wanted the nation’s capital in the South
If they agreed with his plan it would move to Washington D.C.
They agreed
Moved from New York to Philadelphia then to Virginia in 1800

Plans to Build the Economy
Hamilton and Congress –
1791 Setup the Bank of the United States
Passed Tariff’s- taxes on foreign goods
The idea was to make foreign goods more expensive than domestic goods, promoting people buying American made goods
Northern states- industrial made most of the goods liked the plan
Southern states- imported a lot, did not

Whiskey Rebellion
To raise money for the Treasury, Hamilton and Congress approved a tax on liquor
Sparked a rebellion that would test the strength of the new government
Back country farmers often converted corn to whiskey for ease of transporting
They refused to pay and compared this tax to what British had done to the colonies
1794 tax collector in Penn. were tarred and feathered and marched and protests occurred
G. Washington responded quickly
Sends the militia, farmers heard they were coming and they fled and went home
Hamilton wants leaders of the rebellion executed
Washington disagrees and pardons them. Believed mercy was as important as strength
The rebellion showed that the government could respond quickly and firmly

8th Grade

For Wednesday, you need to have Section 5 notes in your note book and be ready for 8.1-8.4 quiz. Will finish talking about Section 5 on Wednesday and review. We will test over chapter 8 on Friday. Below are the notes.

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship
Chapter 8
Section 5

What is a Citizen?
Citizen- Person who owes loyalty to a particular nation and is entitled to all its rights and protections
To be a U.S. citizen you must fulfill 1 of 3 requirements
1) Be born on U.S. soil
2) Be naturalized- completed the official legal process to becoming a citizen
3) Be under 18 when your parents were naturalized

Becoming a Citizen
Resident Alien- noncitizen living in a country
After 5 years alien can apply for citizenship
Naturalized citizens enjoy all the same rights as natural-born citizens
Rights are not free…..citizens have some responsibilities

Civic Virtue and Democratic Values
Civic Virtue- willingness to work for the good of the nation or community even at greater sacrifice
Copied Roman model
Patriotism- feeling of love and devotion towards ones country
Total respect for everything
Personal and public responsibilities
Physical and moral courage

Responsibilities of Citizens
Voting
Obeying the Law
Defending the Nation
Serving on a Jury
Serving the Community
Being Informed

8.3 & 8.4 notes (8th Grade)

Here are the notes 8th grade. Please have these into your in your note book by Monday.

Thanks
Mr. C

Changing the Constitution
&
State & Local Government
Sections 3 & 4

Changing the Constitution
• Amendment Process
– Complex process that takes months or even years
– Can be ratified- approved 2 ways
• 3/4ths of state Legislatures must approve it
– Every Amendment but 21st happened this way
• By special convention, approved by 3/4ths of states

• Bill of Rights
– 1) Protects Basic Individual Liberties
• Freedom of religion, speech and press
– 2-4) Protect Against Abuse of Power
– 5-8) Protect Rights of the Accused
– 9) Citizen’s rights are not limited to the ones listed in Constitution
– 10) All powers not given to the national government or denied to the states are reserved for the states or the people

• Later Amendments
– 13-15) Civil War Amendments
• Dealt directly with slavery and the treatment and rights of African Americans
– 19) Gave women right to vote
– 26) Lowered voting age from 21 to 18

State and Local Government
• State Constitutions
– Every state has its own Constitution
– Follow the framework of Federal Constitution
• Preamble
• 3 Branch System
• Amendments-approved by people through a vote- 2 ways
• Constitutional Initiative- signatures on a petition
• Constitutional Convention- still needs votes

• States Provide Services
– Maintain Law and Order
– Supervise Public Education
– Public Health and Welfare Programs
– Build and Maintain Infrastructure
• Ex. Roads, Bridges, Tunnels
– Operate State Parks
– Regulate Use of State Owned Land
– Issue Drivers License

• Local Government
– Government on the County, Parish, City or Town, or Village level
– This government has the greatest impact on your every day life
– Perform all the same functions as a state government on a smaller scale

Chapter 8 Notes

Here is section 1 and section 2 notes. I will be checking your notebook on Thursday to make sure they are in there.....10 points.

Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution
Chapter 8
Goals and Principles of the Constitution
&
How the Federal Government Works

Sections 1 & 2
Goals and Principles of the Constitution
• Preamble: opening statement
– 6 goals
1)Form a More Perfect Union
2) Establish Justice
3) Insure Domestic Tranquility
4) Provide For Common Defense
5) Promote General Welfare
6) Secure Blessings of Liberty

• Articles & Amendments
– Articles establish a framework for government
• 1-3- describe branches of government
• 4- relations between the states
• 5- process of amending the Constitution
• 6- states may not make laws that violate the Constitution
• 7- process for states to ratify the Constitution

• Amendments
– 7 basic principles
Popular Sovereignty- people have the right to change or abolish the government
Limited Government
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Federalism- division of power between federal government and states
Republicanism- citizens elect representatives
Individual Rights

How the Federal Government Works
• Legislative Branch-
– 2 Bodies
• House of Representatives
– 435 members- based on state population
– 2 year terms
– Entire House up for reelection every other year
– Speaker of the House- leader of House of Representatives, 3rd in line to Presidency

• Senate
– 100 members- 2 per state
– 6 year terms
– 1/3 of senate up for reelection every 2 years
– Originally appointed by state legislature
– 7th Amendment changed that and people elected Senators
– Vice President rules over Senate, breaks tie votes

• Powers of Congress
– Make’s laws for the Nation
– Elastic Clause- “Congress can make laws which shall be necessary and proper”
• This clause allows congress to stretch its power to deal with a changing nation
• What is necessary and proper?
– Committees
• 10,000 bills a year. Not all could be heard by every Legislator. They break them down by topic. Agriculture, Banking, Business, Defense, Education, Science, and Transportation

• Executive Branch
– Most misunderstood position in our government
– Role of President
• Represents the nation around the world
• Sign bills into law
• Commander and Chief of Military
– Only Senate can declare war
• Welcome foreign leaders
• Make speeches on holidays and give out medals to heroes
• Electing a President
– Every 4 years
– 2 terms allowed
– People vote for Electors that cast their vote for them
– Can become President but lose the popular vote (2000 election)

• Judicial Branch
– 2 court systems
• State
– Trial Court -> Appellate Court-> State Supreme Court -> Federal Supreme Court
• Federal
– District Court -> Court of Appeals -> Federal Supreme Court
– Supreme Court
• Highest court
• 9 Supreme Court Justices
• Appointment for life
• Reviews lower court decisions
• Decide cases involving the Constitution

• Checks and Balances
– 3 branches of government limit powers of each other
– President checks Legislature by vetoing bills
– Senate checks President through impeachment and “power of the purse”
– Judicial checks both through declaring laws unconstitutional

2nd Quarter grade

As of 1 pm on 12/17 my grades are completed. I will still go back and insert comments on all grades but the grading of work and entering of grades is complete. I do have two 7th grade assignments without names and one 8th grade assignment without a name and I will be able to add those, if claimed, on Jan. 3 when we return.

I hope you all have a safe, restful and enjoyable Christmas Break and I look forward to seeing all of you when you return.

Be safe and have fun
Mr. C

7th Grade

Today the students studied independently for the first half of the class and the second half of class we got into teams and played review basketball.

The students have a test over sections 13.1, 14.1, and 14.2 on Monday (12/13).

We are closing in on the end of the quarter and the end of the semester. Let us all work together and finish the year out strong and on a good note.

Thanks
Mr. C

8th Grade

Today we finished up Chapter 7 study guide during the first part of class. We spent the second part of class playing review basketball. The students have their Chapter 7 test on Friday(12-10).

They should be studying 10 minutes EVERY night.

They also have their Constitution Test on Tuesday(12-14) of next week. Any student that is not here on that day needs to make arrangements to take the test before or Wednesday or Thursday. Grade will be completed and submitted to the front office at the end of the day on Friday(12-17) Below is a 2 minute summary of the Article of Confederation

Thanks Mr.C

7th Grade

Today the students got to see their grades for the quarter and I talked with each about how to improve going into the last 5 days of class.

Some students worked on makeup work and other worked on the Africa Map test that is coming up at the end of the Unit next quarter.

All should have finished the 13.1,14.1,14.2 guided notes(study guide) and should be using that to study for the test that will happen on Monday(12-13). All the test questions are focused on the sheet we have been doing in class over the last 4 class periods.

Mr. C

8th Grade

8th grade will take their Chapter 7 Test on Friday this week.

Do not forget......Constitution Test is next Tuesday 12-14. the Preamble portion is Oral.

You have 130 points left this quarter. Your grade is not in stone just yet.

Thanks
Mr. C

Odds and ends as the quarter comes to a close

Parents and students.....we are winding down on the 2ND quarter. Please be looking for student led conference forms to be coming home this weekend. Sign and return those as quickly as possible. The sooner those get turned in the better chance you have to get the time slot you want.

8Th grade will have 2 tests still this quarter. A chapter 7 test and a Constitution test. both are 50 points along with a 25 point study guide. There is still a chance to have a positive or negative impact on your grade. the Constitution test will be on 12-14. That is the Tuesday before Christmas Break.

7Th grade. We will test on Monday of next week (13Th)over Sections 13.1, 14.1 and 14.2. Please make sure you are studying 10 minutes a night.

Thanks
Mr. C

8th Grade

Hope all had a great Thanksgiving. I know I had so much to be thankful for this year. That day has passed however and it is back to the grindstone until Christmas Break. We will be starting Chapter 7 on Tuesday. It is about the Constitution. You will be tested over 2 things in this chapter.

1) The material in the chapter
2) The Constitution handout with the Preamble, Articles, and the Amendments on it

Please do not blow this off. You will want to do well on these 2 assessments. Most of you need the points after the Chapter 6 notes and study guide fiasco.

See you Monday
Mr. C

7th Grade

Happy Thanksgiving. Hope all of you had a great and wonderful time on Thursday. Now sadly it is time to get back to work. Here are the notes for section 12-4. We will quiz over this section on Monday. Do not forget.......you will be having an Africa Map Test towards the end of this unit. I would not procrastinate on this. Start now!! Our blog has 2 great map sites to help you learn the countries of Africa.
Be safe and have fun.

Independence and Its Challenges
Chapter 12
Section 4

Growth of Nationalism
Nationalism- feeling of pride in ones homeland
Political Parties and Nationalism
with the withdrawal of colonial powers, unity must be built. Groups did not like each other
1912 South African Native National Congress is formed. Shortened to ANC
Protested laws

Pan-Africanism
The belief that all Africans should work together for rights and freedom
Slogan- Africa for Africans
Leopold Senghor- leader of Pan-African movement. Becomes Senegal’s first president when it gains independence in 1960

Africa and World War II
WWII, Germany, and Italy invades North Africa, and Ethiopia
Countries of Africa contributed needed supplies to Allied forces
African airfields were used to launch attacks and carry supplies
Approx. 450,000 African took part in WWII on the side of the British
Fought for British Freedom, now they wanted their freedom

Different Paths to Independence
With the victory in WWII, Africans were even more inspired to gain their freedom
Winds of Change
War was costly and holding their colonies was also expensive, something had to give
Some freedom came peacefully, others fought to keep control
Britain gave-in freely
France- made them fight for it

From Gold Coast to Ghana
Boycott- refusal to buy or use certain products
Through a series of peaceful protests and boycotts, Gold Coast gain independence from Britain and renames itself Ghana (1957)

War in Algeria
France sees Algeria as more than a colony. They see it as part of France.
Not willing to give it up peacefully
1954 war breaks out
100,000 Algerians and 10,000 French dead
After an 8 year war and in 1962, Algeria gain independence

Challenges of Independence
No real governmental leadership. No experience
Colonial powers left after independence was granted and left them to “figure it out”
Military control in most countries
Few rights, no better than before


Building Democracy
Democracy- citizens exercise power through elected officials
Most African countries are less than 50 years old. This process takes time. Consider how long the U.S. took to get to where we are.

8th Grade

8th grade will be testing over Chapter 6 on Wednesday the day before Thanksgiving Break. They have all the notes, lots and lots of handouts and summaries galore. Please help your student my making sure they are studying.

Thanks
Mr. C

12-3 Notes

We will quiz over this section(12-3) on Tuesday. Please be sure you are studying. 10 minutes every night.

European Conquest of Africa

Chapter 12
Section 3

Europeans on the Coast
Pre 1500’s Europe and Africa were trade equals
1500’s- saw Europe enslavement and forced migration of Africans
1800’s end of slavery and Europeans turned their attention to Africa’s natural resources
1900’s Europeans carve up and divide Africa amongst themselves
Portuguese Exploration
Portuguese were looking to by pass Northern African traders and deal directly with West Africa
Gold and Ivory
Sailing improvements- triangle shaped sail and the astrolabe

A Change in Trade Relations
Europe and Africa were originally trade equals
Trading goods for goods
1498 Portuguese ships rounded southern tip of Africa and up the east coast
They were amazed by east Africa’s wealth
More Portuguese ships quickly arrive
Seized control of east Africa’s wealth and would control it well into the 1600’s

European Trade Spreads
Dutch, French and English soon follow
Trading posts all along Africa’s coasts
Dutch settle the Cape of Good Hope
Europeans spread by force if needed
Relationship between Africans and Europeans sours

Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery was common in Africa before 1500
A temporary situation
Property, bought and sold like goods
Europeans living in Africa bought slaves and sent them back to Europe and to America
Europeans rarely freed their slaves

The Demand for Slaves
Americans originally used Native Americans as slaves but they did not hold up well.
African slaves were healthier and stronger
Better at farming, miners, and metal workers
Easier to adapt to the climate
Unfamiliar with the territory so less likely to run away

Slave Trade Begins
Some African nations refused to take part
Others sold conquered Africans into slavery
1780- 80,000 slaves were being shipped across the Atlantic per year

Horrors of Slavery
Branding
Filthy conditions on ships
Over crowding
Little food or water
20 percent death rate on the ride over
Beatings

Europeans Colonize Africa
African’s resisted European colonization, but old guns and Europe’s modern weapons were a problem for Africa

Scramble for Africa
European countries competed, but did not want it to lead to a European war
1848- Berlin Conference- divided Africa
1900 majority of Africa is colonized
1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia are independent


Effect of European Control
European countries used a variety of governing techniques to control African
From direct control secondary governments, the ultimate result was Africans were powerless
Encouraged rivalries among ethnic groups
Europeans took the best land for farming
New political boundaries formed without consideration to tribal, ethnic groups
As long as Europe controlled Africa the conflicts were limited…when the left, chaos

Here is a very cool video that is useful in all things in life. This is very good. Watch it, take it to heart and work it into your life. Success is never an accident!

Just click on the video screen and it will start.
Mr. C

7th Grade

Here are 12-2 notes. We did the bulk of these in class. There should only be couple of slides you need to complete from this section. I posted all of them, but you only need to pick up where we left off in class. Again you only need to write the slides we did not get to in class.

Kingdoms, City-States, and Empires
Chapter 12
Section 2

East African Trading Civilizations
East Africa Boundaries: Red Sea, Indian Ocean
Primarily trading centers
Port cities
Arab and African traders settled the area
Aksum- Present day Ethiopia
Controlled trade in the Red Sea
By 200’s A.D. controlled all trade from India to the Mediterranean Sea
Christianity came to Aksum around 300 A.D.
By 600 A.D. Arabs had seized control of the region and Aksum began to decline


Cities of Trade
Sailors used seasonal winds to reach China and India, when winds changed, they sailed back
Took- skins, Ivory, gold and other metals
Brought back- cotton, silk, and porcelain
Islam introduced to region during this time
New language- Swahili- Bantu/Arab language
Most widely spoken language in Africa today

Rise of City-States
City-State- city that has its own traditions, governments, and laws. Both a city and an independent state
Important city-states
Malindi, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Great Zimbabwe

Kilwa
3 and 4 story stone and coral dwellings
Traders paid high taxes to trade there
Conquered by Portugal in the 1500’s

Great Zimbabwe
Inland and east along the Limpopo River
Connected to the east by a system of trade networks all the way to the Indian Ocean
Reached it’s peak of power in about 1300 A.D.
1000’s of people called this walled city home

North African Trading Powers
Boundaries- Sahara and Mediterranean Sea
Phoenicians were the first to explore this region
Rise and Fall of Carthage
Phoenician trading center in present day Tunisia
Wealthiest city in the world at the time
Controlled trade in the Med. Sea from 500-200 B.C.
Taken over by Roman Empire in 146 B.C.
City was destroyed

Roman and Islamic Influences
Cities grew all along North Africa under Roman rule
Christianity spread as well
1000’s of miles of roads to connect its empire
Roman Empire falls in 476 A.D. and competing forces fought over the land until Arabs gained control in 600’s A.D.
Islam spread and replaced Christianity

West African Kingdoms
Based on the trade of salt and gold
No refrigeration at the time so salt was very important
A lot of trading between north and west Africa
Growth of important cities like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai and Forest Kingdoms like Benin

Ghana
Between the Senegal and Niger Rivers
Controlled trade in western Africa
Called the land of gold
High taxes

Mali
Upper Niger River valley
Powerful in mid 1200’s
Kings controlled the flow of salt and gold to the north
Kings were called Mansa-emperor
Most important Mali king was Mansa Musa
20 year reign brought peace to the region

Mansa Musa and the Spread of Islam
Was Muslim himself
Made regular pilgrimages to Mecca
Brought 60,000 people with him
Each of his 80 camels carried 300 lbs of gold
Gave it away as a gift
Europeans heard about his wealth and began buying Mali gold

Songhai
Becomes powerful after Mansa Musa’s death
Tombouctou was Songhai’s major trading center
Important caravan stopping location along the Nile
Greatest Muslim learning center
Songhai declined after northern invaders attacked in 1591

Forest Kingdoms
Benin
late 1200’s
Traded ivory, palm oil and pepper
Worked with bronze, brass, and wood
Created some of the finest sculpture of the time
Trade partners- Africa and Europe
European began to trade guns for slaves
Many African Americans are descendants of these forest kingdoms

7th Grade Notes

Below are notes for 12-1 we will be quizzing over both sections 1 and 2 of Chapter 12 on Friday.

African Beginnings
Chapter 12
Section1

Changing Survival Skills
Hunter-Gatherers
Nomadic – moved with herds
Hunted animals for meat
Collected fruits, nuts, and roots
Made tools from stone
This age became known as the Stone Age

Farming and Herding
Earliest farming probably in Northern Africa- present day Sahara Desert
In the beginning harvested wild grains
Then collected seeds
Then kept seeds from stronger plants and threw out seeds from weaker plants
This is called domestication-adapting plants or animals for human use.

Early Settlements
Domestication of plants and animals meant people could stop being nomadic
Most early settlements were by water sources
Mainly rivers
Transportation
Food
Fertile soil
Surpluses allowed for specialization outside of farming

Civilizations on the Nile River
Civilizations- society with cities, a government, and social classes
Architecture, system of writing, and art also
Social Class- group of people with similar backgrounds, wealth and way of living
Formed mainly out of occupation
2 earliest civilizations were the Egyptians and the Nubians

Egypt- 5000 B.C
Nile River Valley
Good soil for farming- fresh silt from flooding
Transportation
Food Source
Ruled by kings (Pharaohs) and queens that were treated and worshiped like Gods
Built temples (pyramids) to honor them
Hieroglyphs- system of writing using symbols
Specialization allowed them to develop skills like paper-making, architecture, astronomy, and medicine

Nubia- 6000 B.C.
South of Egypt along the Nile
Napata- greatest Nubian Civilization
724 B.C. Nubians of Napata conquered Egypt
Meroe- Weaker Nubian civilization, conquered by Ethiopians from Aksum around 350 A.D.

The Bantu Migration
4000 years ago in Africa, one of the largest migrations takes place
Bantu speaking peoples began to move
Southern migration from west-central Africa into south-east and south-west Africa
Why Migrate?
No one knows for sure
May have been the new ability to farm the rainforests
overpopulation
Over 100’s of years Bantu speaking people spread all across Central and Southern Africa

Bantus Spread Their Language
People were living in regions where Bantus migrated to but Bantu language and culture came to dominate all regions they inhabited
Language and Ethnic Groups
Ethnic Groups- group that shares language, religion, family ties, and customs
Shared history
Most of today’s Africans in Southern and Central Africa speak Bantu (200 million)

8th Grade

It was been a little while since I posted so here is an update. We are working our way through the American Revolution. We have talked about all the lead up and have studied the opening battles and advantages for both sides. The students have plenty of work to fill their 10 minutes a night. They have 4 sections of notes, hand outs galore and a study guide. Please make sure your student is studying 10 minutes every night. Exposure is key. We are quizzing every other class period and will have a chapter test down the road. Thank you for all your hard work at home and helping your student stay focused and successful.

Mr. C

7th Grade

It has been a few class periods since I have posted anything. Here is a catch up for all. We tested today over Chapter 11 and the students worked on an extra credit assignment after they finished the test. We will be working our way through Africa over the remainder if the quarter and into the third quarter. We have almost reached the half way point of the second quarter already!!! Progress reports will be out before you know it. Parents pleas continue to make sure your student is studying 10 minutes a night. They have plenty to review, they can watch clips on here, copy the notes into their notebooks, or work on their study guides. 10 minutes.....they need to be studying 10 minutes a night.

Thanks for your time
Mr. C

7th grade

Here are the notes for Chapter 11 Section 3. You will have a quiz on Tuesday and we will test over Chapter 11 on Thursday. Please make sure that you are studying 10 minutes every night!! You are not just studying on the days that we have class.

Here are 11-3 notes.....

Resources and Land Use
Chapter 11
Section 3

Agricultural Resources
Most Africans are Farmers
Subsistence Farmers- growing just enough to support one’s own family
They grow wheat and barley in dryer Savannah regions
They grow fruits and vegetables in regions with more rainfall
Ex. corn, rice, fish, goats, and poultry

Crops for Sale
Cash Crop- crops raised for resale
Ex. Coffee beans, tea
Cash crops farming is on the rise
Is leading to food shortages when harvests are light
Also bad when global prices drop. Families struggle for food and money

Harvesting Trees
Hardwoods grow in all regions of Africa
1000’s of acres of trees have been cut down
Tree farmers are now starting to replace what they cut down to counter deforestation
Treating trees like the renewable resource that they are

Natural Resources
Economy-system for producing, distributing, consuming and owning goods and services
Mining, many areas are rich in mineral resources
Ex. Gold, diamonds, petroleum, iron, and coal

Improving Economic Health
Specialized Economy-when a nation is dependent on one type of industry
Strengthening Economies
crops must be successfully grown and sold at a high price for farmers to be successful
Diversity- add variety
In order for most African countries to be successful, they must diversify their economies
More flexible type of economy
More diversified an economy, the stronger the economy, not as fluctuating

Where Does the Money Go?
Mining requires many workers and expensive equipment
Foreign companies take most of Africa’s mineral resources and take profits out of Africa
This does nothing for Africa’s economy
Africa wants to grow it’s manufacturing and refining industries to keep those profits