You are to complete the Section Assessment on page 48 numbers 3,4,5,6. COMPLETE SENTENCES ARE REQUIRED. Notes for Section 2 of Chapter 2 are listed below. I will be around on Wednesday to make sure you got them.
Native American Cultures
Chapter 2
Section 2
Culture Areas of North America
Cultural Area- a region in which people share a similar way of life
Tribe- a community of people that share common customs, language, and rituals
Needs must always be met first, Native Americans developed several ways to do this
Hunting, Gathering, Fishing- (Nomadic)
Farming (stationary)
Trade ( diffusion)
Diffusion- Process of spreading ideas from one culture to another
Climate, Resources, & Culture
Climate and Resources-
What could be grown
Clothes they wore
Tribal organizations
Harsh conditions, nomadic and small
Favorable conditions larger groups and stayed together
Culture-
Far North and Plateau
Limited resources
Depended on the sea for almost everything
Northwest
Plenty of food
Built permanent villages
So much surplus, they competed to see who could give away the most
Southeast
Hunted, Fished, Farmed
Permanent villages
Shared Beliefs
Though belief varied between groups, they did share some basic ideas
Respect for nature
Sought to maintain a balance between people and nature
Believed in spirits and unseen forces
Special Ceremonies
Ceremonies to bring rain, good harvests,
Dances and feasts that could last for days
Iroquois Confederacy
12 or more families to a “long house”
Women
owned all household property
In charge of planting and harvesting
Held political power
Men moved in with woman’s family
Clan- group of 2 or more related families
5 nations of Iroquois- League of the Iroquo
Monday, August 16, 2010
Thursday, August 12, 2010
8th Grade Notes
Here are Chapter 2 Section 1 notes. Please have them in your notebook when you come to class on Monday. This gives you 4 days to do it. No excuses.
Mr. Clark
First Civilizations in America
Chapter 2
Section 1 Reaching the Americas
• Glaciers- Thick sheets of slow moving ice
• One such glacier created a land bridge that allowed peoples from Asia to enter North America across the Bering Strait
• New country, new way of life
• Hunting for new types of food
• Growing new types of crops
• Climates dictated these changes
Olmec Civilization
• First known civilization in the Americas
• Farming
• Formed cities
• Social classes
• Complex religions
• Primitive forms record keeping
• Studied stars to know when to plant crops
The Mayas
• Rainforests of what is today Guatemala
• Cleared rainforests and drained swamps for farming
• Populations grew and spread along trade routes
• Social classes
• 365 day calendar
• Mysteriously disappeared about 900A.D.
The Aztecs
• Originally nomadic
• Settled in Central Mexico and built a powerful empire
• Causeways- raised roads made of packed earth
• Farming and trade
• Worshipped the Sun God
• By 1500 ruled a huge empire that stretched from Gulf of Mexico to Pacific Ocean
The Incas
• 2500 miles along west coast of S. America
• Massive palaces and temples made of stone
• Population 10 million people
• Well organized
• Systems of roads
• Government officials to carry out emperors wishes (governors of each area)
• Skilled engineers
Early North American Cultures
• Hohokams-
– American Southwest
– Dug irrigation ditches for farming
• Anasazis-
– Four corners region
– Adobe for housing- (sun dried bricks)
– Irrigation farming, trading
Mound Builders
• Appalachian Mts., and Mississippi Valley
• Mounds used as burials & religious ceremonies
• 2 groups- Hopewells and Mississippians
• 30,000 may have lived at Mississippian city of Cahokia
Mr. Clark
First Civilizations in America
Chapter 2
Section 1 Reaching the Americas
• Glaciers- Thick sheets of slow moving ice
• One such glacier created a land bridge that allowed peoples from Asia to enter North America across the Bering Strait
• New country, new way of life
• Hunting for new types of food
• Growing new types of crops
• Climates dictated these changes
Olmec Civilization
• First known civilization in the Americas
• Farming
• Formed cities
• Social classes
• Complex religions
• Primitive forms record keeping
• Studied stars to know when to plant crops
The Mayas
• Rainforests of what is today Guatemala
• Cleared rainforests and drained swamps for farming
• Populations grew and spread along trade routes
• Social classes
• 365 day calendar
• Mysteriously disappeared about 900A.D.
The Aztecs
• Originally nomadic
• Settled in Central Mexico and built a powerful empire
• Causeways- raised roads made of packed earth
• Farming and trade
• Worshipped the Sun God
• By 1500 ruled a huge empire that stretched from Gulf of Mexico to Pacific Ocean
The Incas
• 2500 miles along west coast of S. America
• Massive palaces and temples made of stone
• Population 10 million people
• Well organized
• Systems of roads
• Government officials to carry out emperors wishes (governors of each area)
• Skilled engineers
Early North American Cultures
• Hohokams-
– American Southwest
– Dug irrigation ditches for farming
• Anasazis-
– Four corners region
– Adobe for housing- (sun dried bricks)
– Irrigation farming, trading
Mound Builders
• Appalachian Mts., and Mississippi Valley
• Mounds used as burials & religious ceremonies
• 2 groups- Hopewells and Mississippians
• 30,000 may have lived at Mississippian city of Cahokia
Wednesday, August 11, 2010
7th grade Chapter 2 Sections 2 &3 Notes
Here are the notes for the next 2 sections. Please do not forget to read Section 3 as well.
Friday we will talk quickly through section 3 watch a video clip and then play a review game. Please be ready to play. It will not be fun if you do not know the material.
Mr. Clark
Forces Shaping Earth
Chapter 2
Section 2
Understanding Earth
• Core- sphere of very hot metal at the center of the Earth
• Mantle- thick hot rock layer around the core
• Crust- thin rock and mineral layer around the mantle
• All layers are “floating” on each other
Water and Air
• Less than 30% of the Earth’s crust is land
• 97% of Earths water is in the oceans
• Most fresh water is frozen in the polar ice caps
• Earths atmosphere contains miles of layers of gasses
• Contains oxygen, carbon dioxide and other important gasses
Landforms
• Mountains- raise more than 2000 feet above sea level. Wide at the bottom and narrow at the top
• Volcano- type of mountain
• Hills- less than 2000 feet, with rounded tops and less steep than a mountain
• Plateau- large mostly flat area that rises above the surrounding land. At least one side is steep
• Plains- large areas of flat gently rolling land
Forces inside Earth
• Magma- soft nearly molten rock
• Lava- molten rock
• Plates- blocks of Earth’s crust
Volcanoes & Earthquakes
• Fault- cracks in the Earth’s crust
• when 2 fault lines come together, pull apart or rub against one another, earthquakes happen
Forces on Earths Surface
• Slower processes happen on the surface
• Weathering- process that breaks down rocks into tiny pieces
– Ice, water, and lichens cause weathering
• Erosion- removal of small pieces of rock by water, ice or wind (wearing down)
• Removed material is moved downstream forming plains regions
This is the End of Section 2…………………below is Section 3. Please be sure to read this section as well as copying the notes.
Climate & Weather Weather- conditions of the air and sky from day to day
Precipitation- water that falls to the ground: Rain, snow, sleet, hail
Climate- average weather over many years.
Air currents are also called Belts or Cells
Water Cycle
Evaporation- Condensation- Cloud Formation- Rain- Flows into ground or water systems- Repeat
Oceans and Climate
Oceans spread Earth’s heat
Equatorial region would overheat
Warm water flows away from Equator
Cold flows towards Equator
Cooling and Warming Effect
Water takes longer to heat than land
Water takes longer to lose its heat than land
Coastal or lakefront land is warmer than inland
Raging Storms
Cyclones- intense wind and rain that form over the oceans in the Tropics
N.H.- Hurricanes/S.H.-Cyclones
Tornadoes are funnels of wind
Formed around low pressure areas
Friday we will talk quickly through section 3 watch a video clip and then play a review game. Please be ready to play. It will not be fun if you do not know the material.
Mr. Clark
Forces Shaping Earth
Chapter 2
Section 2
Understanding Earth
• Core- sphere of very hot metal at the center of the Earth
• Mantle- thick hot rock layer around the core
• Crust- thin rock and mineral layer around the mantle
• All layers are “floating” on each other
Water and Air
• Less than 30% of the Earth’s crust is land
• 97% of Earths water is in the oceans
• Most fresh water is frozen in the polar ice caps
• Earths atmosphere contains miles of layers of gasses
• Contains oxygen, carbon dioxide and other important gasses
Landforms
• Mountains- raise more than 2000 feet above sea level. Wide at the bottom and narrow at the top
• Volcano- type of mountain
• Hills- less than 2000 feet, with rounded tops and less steep than a mountain
• Plateau- large mostly flat area that rises above the surrounding land. At least one side is steep
• Plains- large areas of flat gently rolling land
Forces inside Earth
• Magma- soft nearly molten rock
• Lava- molten rock
• Plates- blocks of Earth’s crust
Volcanoes & Earthquakes
• Fault- cracks in the Earth’s crust
• when 2 fault lines come together, pull apart or rub against one another, earthquakes happen
Forces on Earths Surface
• Slower processes happen on the surface
• Weathering- process that breaks down rocks into tiny pieces
– Ice, water, and lichens cause weathering
• Erosion- removal of small pieces of rock by water, ice or wind (wearing down)
• Removed material is moved downstream forming plains regions
This is the End of Section 2…………………below is Section 3. Please be sure to read this section as well as copying the notes.
Climate & Weather Weather- conditions of the air and sky from day to day
Precipitation- water that falls to the ground: Rain, snow, sleet, hail
Climate- average weather over many years.
Air currents are also called Belts or Cells
Water Cycle
Evaporation- Condensation- Cloud Formation- Rain- Flows into ground or water systems- Repeat
Oceans and Climate
Oceans spread Earth’s heat
Equatorial region would overheat
Warm water flows away from Equator
Cold flows towards Equator
Cooling and Warming Effect
Water takes longer to heat than land
Water takes longer to lose its heat than land
Coastal or lakefront land is warmer than inland
Raging Storms
Cyclones- intense wind and rain that form over the oceans in the Tropics
N.H.- Hurricanes/S.H.-Cyclones
Tornadoes are funnels of wind
Formed around low pressure areas
Monday, August 9, 2010
7th Grade Chapter 2 Section 1 notes
Here are the notes for Wednesday 8/11.
Mr. Clark
Our Planet, Earth
Chapter 2
Section 1
Earth and Sun
• Orbit- A path one body makes as it circles another
• Revolution- Circular motion
• Axis- an imaginary line running north and south through Earth
• Rotation- each complete turn on its axis
• The earth is tilted 23.5 degrees on its axis.
• The time it takes earth to rotate on its axis is 24 hours
• When it is day in the Eastern hemisphere it is night in the Western hemisphere
• It takes the earth 365 ¼ days to make a revolution around the Sun
Time Zones
• The day starts at a different time all over the Earth
• Time Zones were created to solve this problem
• There is a new time zone every 15 degrees longitude
• One hour between each time zone
Revolution of the Earth
• The earth tilts on its axis a total of 47 degrees per year
• When the N.H. is tilted towards the sun, Summer occurs
• When the N.H. is tilted away from the Sun, Winter occurs
• In between the 2 extremes, Fall and Spring occur
• The Earth is in a constant state of tilting, it is never in one place
• The closer to the Sun the less extremes between the season (Equatorial Region)
• The further from the Sun the more extreme the seasons (Middle Latitude Regions)
• Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn represent the tops of the Equatorial Region
• June 21st represents the First day of Summer
• March 21st represents the first day of Spring
• December 21st represents the first day of Winter
• September 23rd represents the first day of Fall
• Solstice- The Sun’s intensity is fully in the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn or Middle Latitude Region
• Equinox- The Sun’s intensity is fully in the Equatorial Region
• Winter and Summer are Solstices
• Fall and Spring are Equinoxes
Mr. Clark
Our Planet, Earth
Chapter 2
Section 1
Earth and Sun
• Orbit- A path one body makes as it circles another
• Revolution- Circular motion
• Axis- an imaginary line running north and south through Earth
• Rotation- each complete turn on its axis
• The earth is tilted 23.5 degrees on its axis.
• The time it takes earth to rotate on its axis is 24 hours
• When it is day in the Eastern hemisphere it is night in the Western hemisphere
• It takes the earth 365 ¼ days to make a revolution around the Sun
Time Zones
• The day starts at a different time all over the Earth
• Time Zones were created to solve this problem
• There is a new time zone every 15 degrees longitude
• One hour between each time zone
Revolution of the Earth
• The earth tilts on its axis a total of 47 degrees per year
• When the N.H. is tilted towards the sun, Summer occurs
• When the N.H. is tilted away from the Sun, Winter occurs
• In between the 2 extremes, Fall and Spring occur
• The Earth is in a constant state of tilting, it is never in one place
• The closer to the Sun the less extremes between the season (Equatorial Region)
• The further from the Sun the more extreme the seasons (Middle Latitude Regions)
• Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn represent the tops of the Equatorial Region
• June 21st represents the First day of Summer
• March 21st represents the first day of Spring
• December 21st represents the first day of Winter
• September 23rd represents the first day of Fall
• Solstice- The Sun’s intensity is fully in the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn or Middle Latitude Region
• Equinox- The Sun’s intensity is fully in the Equatorial Region
• Winter and Summer are Solstices
• Fall and Spring are Equinoxes
Friday, August 6, 2010
8th Grade
We are off to a bumpy start. You MUST do assignments or you will fall behind. Reading counts as an assignement. I was disappointed that no class was not able to answer the very first question about the reading.
Below is the Guided Notes for Chapter 1 Section 3. These will be turned in at the beginning of class on Tuesday. You must do them. We will have our first test over Chapter 1 on Thursday of next week. The tests this year will be the same format as last year. 50 points and the bulk short answer in complete sentences. Be ready for it. You do not want to start off the school year in the hole.
Mr. Clark
Chapter 1 Section 3 Guided Notes
Tools of History
1) Define primary source
2) List the examples from the textbook of primary sources
3) Define secondary source
4) List the examples from the textbook of secondary sources
5) Define authenticity
6) What are some of the questions historians ask when deciding if a source is authentic?
7) Define reliability
8) Define bias
9) What are some things the textbook lists as sources of bias?
10) Define artifact
11) Define archaeology
12) Define culture
13) List the 9 examples of culture the textbook gives.
14) History tells us how the ________ is linked to the _____________.
15) History is the story of the men and women we _________ as ____________.
16) History is also the study of ____________________ people.
17) List the 4 things you learn by studying history.
18) Define chronology
19) Define absolute chronology
20) Give an example of absolute chronology other than the one(s) listed
21) Define relative chronology
22) Give an example of relative chronology other than the one(s) listed
Below is the Guided Notes for Chapter 1 Section 3. These will be turned in at the beginning of class on Tuesday. You must do them. We will have our first test over Chapter 1 on Thursday of next week. The tests this year will be the same format as last year. 50 points and the bulk short answer in complete sentences. Be ready for it. You do not want to start off the school year in the hole.
Mr. Clark
Chapter 1 Section 3 Guided Notes
Tools of History
1) Define primary source
2) List the examples from the textbook of primary sources
3) Define secondary source
4) List the examples from the textbook of secondary sources
5) Define authenticity
6) What are some of the questions historians ask when deciding if a source is authentic?
7) Define reliability
8) Define bias
9) What are some things the textbook lists as sources of bias?
10) Define artifact
11) Define archaeology
12) Define culture
13) List the 9 examples of culture the textbook gives.
14) History tells us how the ________ is linked to the _____________.
15) History is the story of the men and women we _________ as ____________.
16) History is also the study of ____________________ people.
17) List the 4 things you learn by studying history.
18) Define chronology
19) Define absolute chronology
20) Give an example of absolute chronology other than the one(s) listed
21) Define relative chronology
22) Give an example of relative chronology other than the one(s) listed
Thursday, August 5, 2010
7th Grade 8/5/10
We will be having our first test over Chapter 1 on Monday(8/9) You have Section 1 notes and I have posted Section 2 below. Complete your Chapter Review sheet and use it as a reference to aid you in your studying. The test will be 50 points and be a combination of True or False, Matching, and Short Answer. Remember everything for me must be in a complete sentence.
Mr. Clark
Chapter 1 Section 2 Notes
The Geographer’s Tool
Chapter 1
Section 2
Globes and Maps
Globe-model of the Earth-same shape
+ Land and water as it really is
- what can be shown-detail
-not very portable
Maps- flat
+ shape-(round to flat)
-distortion-loss of accuracy
Better Choices
Aerial Photos
Satellite Images
Both provide more current information
GIS- Geographic Information System
Connects information with locations
Ex. Military & Businesses
Mercator Projections
- Makes poles appear larger
-To keep latitude lines straight, had to stretch distances
+ Correct shapes
-Not correct size
Equal-Area Projections
- Shapes wrong
+ Size right
- Lines that would be straight on Earth are curved
Robinson Projection
Named for Arthur Robinson
Best most accurate map available
Distances, size and shape are fairly accurate
- Edges are distorted
Reading Maps
Parts of a Map
Compass Rose- shows direction
Scale Bar- Distance
These can vary
Key- explains symbols and shading
Mr. Clark
Chapter 1 Section 2 Notes
The Geographer’s Tool
Chapter 1
Section 2
Globes and Maps
Globe-model of the Earth-same shape
+ Land and water as it really is
- what can be shown-detail
-not very portable
Maps- flat
+ shape-(round to flat)
-distortion-loss of accuracy
Better Choices
Aerial Photos
Satellite Images
Both provide more current information
GIS- Geographic Information System
Connects information with locations
Ex. Military & Businesses
Mercator Projections
- Makes poles appear larger
-To keep latitude lines straight, had to stretch distances
+ Correct shapes
-Not correct size
Equal-Area Projections
- Shapes wrong
+ Size right
- Lines that would be straight on Earth are curved
Robinson Projection
Named for Arthur Robinson
Best most accurate map available
Distances, size and shape are fairly accurate
- Edges are distorted
Reading Maps
Parts of a Map
Compass Rose- shows direction
Scale Bar- Distance
These can vary
Key- explains symbols and shading
Tuesday, August 3, 2010
7th Grade Chapter 1 Section 1 notes
These are the notes. You need to have them in your notebook when you come back to class on Thursday (8/5)
Mr. Clark
5 Themes of Geography
Chapter 1
Section 1Geography
• The study of the Earth
• Where and why are things located where they are
5 Themes
•Location
• Regions
• Place
• Movement
• Human-Environment Interaction
Location•
Where is it?
• Cardinal directions (N,S,E,W,)
• Intermediate directions (N.E.)
• Latitude- “Flatitude”
• Longitude- “Long-a-tude”
• Latitude lines- Parallels
• Equator- 0 Latitude
• Longitude lines- Meridians
• Prime Meridian- 0 Longitude
Place•
Human and Physical Features of a specific location.
• EX. People live in apartments/condos
Regions•
Used to group places that have something in common
• Population
• History
• Climate
• Landforms
Movement•
Explains how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another
Ex. Cultural groups
Human-Environment Interaction•
How people affect their environments
• Ex. Clearing a forest for farmland
Mr. Clark
5 Themes of Geography
Chapter 1
Section 1Geography
• The study of the Earth
• Where and why are things located where they are
5 Themes
•Location
• Regions
• Place
• Movement
• Human-Environment Interaction
Location•
Where is it?
• Cardinal directions (N,S,E,W,)
• Intermediate directions (N.E.)
• Latitude- “Flatitude”
• Longitude- “Long-a-tude”
• Latitude lines- Parallels
• Equator- 0 Latitude
• Longitude lines- Meridians
• Prime Meridian- 0 Longitude
Place•
Human and Physical Features of a specific location.
• EX. People live in apartments/condos
Regions•
Used to group places that have something in common
• Population
• History
• Climate
• Landforms
Movement•
Explains how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another
Ex. Cultural groups
Human-Environment Interaction•
How people affect their environments
• Ex. Clearing a forest for farmland
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