7th Grade Chapter 2 Section 1 notes

Here are the notes for Wednesday 8/11.

Mr. Clark

Our Planet, Earth
Chapter 2
Section 1
Earth and Sun
• Orbit- A path one body makes as it circles another
• Revolution- Circular motion
• Axis- an imaginary line running north and south through Earth
• Rotation- each complete turn on its axis
• The earth is tilted 23.5 degrees on its axis.
• The time it takes earth to rotate on its axis is 24 hours
• When it is day in the Eastern hemisphere it is night in the Western hemisphere
• It takes the earth 365 ¼ days to make a revolution around the Sun
Time Zones
• The day starts at a different time all over the Earth
• Time Zones were created to solve this problem
• There is a new time zone every 15 degrees longitude
• One hour between each time zone
Revolution of the Earth
• The earth tilts on its axis a total of 47 degrees per year
• When the N.H. is tilted towards the sun, Summer occurs
• When the N.H. is tilted away from the Sun, Winter occurs
• In between the 2 extremes, Fall and Spring occur
• The Earth is in a constant state of tilting, it is never in one place
• The closer to the Sun the less extremes between the season (Equatorial Region)
• The further from the Sun the more extreme the seasons (Middle Latitude Regions)
• Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn represent the tops of the Equatorial Region
• June 21st represents the First day of Summer
• March 21st represents the first day of Spring
• December 21st represents the first day of Winter
• September 23rd represents the first day of Fall
• Solstice- The Sun’s intensity is fully in the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn or Middle Latitude Region
• Equinox- The Sun’s intensity is fully in the Equatorial Region
• Winter and Summer are Solstices
• Fall and Spring are Equinoxes

8th Grade

We are off to a bumpy start. You MUST do assignments or you will fall behind. Reading counts as an assignement. I was disappointed that no class was not able to answer the very first question about the reading.

Below is the Guided Notes for Chapter 1 Section 3. These will be turned in at the beginning of class on Tuesday. You must do them. We will have our first test over Chapter 1 on Thursday of next week. The tests this year will be the same format as last year. 50 points and the bulk short answer in complete sentences. Be ready for it. You do not want to start off the school year in the hole.

Mr. Clark

Chapter 1 Section 3 Guided Notes
Tools of History


1) Define primary source
2) List the examples from the textbook of primary sources
3) Define secondary source
4) List the examples from the textbook of secondary sources
5) Define authenticity
6) What are some of the questions historians ask when deciding if a source is authentic?
7) Define reliability
8) Define bias
9) What are some things the textbook lists as sources of bias?
10) Define artifact
11) Define archaeology
12) Define culture
13) List the 9 examples of culture the textbook gives.
14) History tells us how the ________ is linked to the _____________.
15) History is the story of the men and women we _________ as ____________.
16) History is also the study of ____________________ people.
17) List the 4 things you learn by studying history.
18) Define chronology
19) Define absolute chronology
20) Give an example of absolute chronology other than the one(s) listed
21) Define relative chronology
22) Give an example of relative chronology other than the one(s) listed

7th Grade 8/5/10

We will be having our first test over Chapter 1 on Monday(8/9) You have Section 1 notes and I have posted Section 2 below. Complete your Chapter Review sheet and use it as a reference to aid you in your studying. The test will be 50 points and be a combination of True or False, Matching, and Short Answer. Remember everything for me must be in a complete sentence.

Mr. Clark

Chapter 1 Section 2 Notes

The Geographer’s Tool
Chapter 1
Section 2
Globes and Maps
 Globe-model of the Earth-same shape
 + Land and water as it really is
 - what can be shown-detail
 -not very portable
 Maps- flat
 + shape-(round to flat)
 -distortion-loss of accuracy
Better Choices
 Aerial Photos
 Satellite Images
 Both provide more current information
 GIS- Geographic Information System
 Connects information with locations
 Ex. Military & Businesses
Mercator Projections
 - Makes poles appear larger
 -To keep latitude lines straight, had to stretch distances
 + Correct shapes
 -Not correct size
Equal-Area Projections
 - Shapes wrong
 + Size right
 - Lines that would be straight on Earth are curved
Robinson Projection
 Named for Arthur Robinson
 Best most accurate map available
 Distances, size and shape are fairly accurate
 - Edges are distorted
Reading Maps
 Parts of a Map
 Compass Rose- shows direction
 Scale Bar- Distance
 These can vary
 Key- explains symbols and shading

7th Grade Chapter 1 Section 1 notes

These are the notes. You need to have them in your notebook when you come back to class on Thursday (8/5)

Mr. Clark

5 Themes of Geography
Chapter 1
Section 1Geography
• The study of the Earth
• Where and why are things located where they are
5 Themes
•Location
• Regions
• Place
• Movement
• Human-Environment Interaction
Location•
Where is it?
• Cardinal directions (N,S,E,W,)
• Intermediate directions (N.E.)
• Latitude- “Flatitude”
• Longitude- “Long-a-tude”
• Latitude lines- Parallels
• Equator- 0 Latitude
• Longitude lines- Meridians
• Prime Meridian- 0 Longitude
Place•
Human and Physical Features of a specific location.
• EX. People live in apartments/condos
Regions•
Used to group places that have something in common
• Population
• History
• Climate
• Landforms
Movement•
Explains how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another
Ex. Cultural groups
Human-Environment Interaction•
How people affect their environments
• Ex. Clearing a forest for farmland

8th Grade writing assignment

Your assignment for tomorrow is to write a well constructed paragraph about what you personally can do to be a better citizen. Be specific and elaborate. This will not be a typical 5-8 sentence paragraph. This needs to have 3-5 ideas with supporting sentences for each point. I am looking for half a page minimum. 20 points due tomorrow.

Notes Chapter 8 Section 5

These notes are due in your notebook tomorrow. I gave you friday, Saturday, and Sunday to get 3-4 notes and more than half of you did not bother to do that. We need to get back into the habit of using the blog. I will not change the format of the class, you will adapt to me.

Here are the notes.

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship
Chapter 8
Section 5
What is a Citizen?
• Citizen- Person who owes loyalty to a particular nation and is entitled to all its rights and protections
– To be a U.S. citizen you must fulfill 1 of 3 requirements
• 1) Be born on U.S. soil
• 2) Be naturalized- completed the official legal process to becoming a citizen
• 3) Be under 18 when your parents were naturalized
• Becoming a Citizen
– Resident Alien- noncitizen living in a country
– After 5 years alien can apply for citizenship
– Naturalized citizens enjoy all the same rights as natural-born citizens
– Rights are not free…..citizens have some responsibilities
• Civic Virtue and Democratic Values
– Civic Virtue- willingness to work for the good of the nation or community even at greater sacrifice
– Copied Roman model
– Patriotism- feeling of love and devotion towards ones country
– Total respect for everything
– Personal and public responsibilities
– Physical and moral courage
• Responsibilities of Citizens
– Voting
– Obeying the Law
– Defending the Nation
– Serving on a Jury
– Serving the Community
– Being Informed

8th Grade Notes

Here are the notes from Section 3 & 4 from Chapter 8. Expect a quiz tomorrow over this material.

Changing the Constitution
&
State & Local Government
Sections 3 & 4
Changing the Constitution
• Amendment Process
– Complex process that takes months or even years
– Can be ratified- approved 2 ways
• 3/4Th's of state Legislatures must approve it
– Every Amendment but 21st happened this way
• By special convention, approved by 3/4Th's of states
• Bill of Rights
– 1) Protects Basic Individual Liberties
• Freedom of religion, speech and press
– 2-4) Protect Against Abuse of Power
– 5-8) Protect Rights of the Accused
– 9) Citizen’s rights are not limited to the ones listed in Constitution
– 10) All powers not given to the national government or denied to the states are reserved for the states or the people
• Later Amendments
– 13-15) Civil War Amendments
• Dealt directly with slavery and the treatment and rights of African Americans
– 19) Gave women right to vote
26) Lowered voting age from 21 to 18
State and Local Government
• State Constitutions
– Every state has its own Constitution
– Follow the framework of Federal Constitution
• Preamble
• 3 Branch System
• Amendments-approved by people through a vote- 2 ways
• Constitutional Initiative- signatures on a petition
Constitutional Convention- still needs votes
• States Provide Services
– Maintain Law and Order
– Supervise Public Education
– Public Health and Welfare Programs
– Build and Maintain Infrastructure
• Ex. Roads, Bridges, Tunnels
– Operate State Parks
– Regulate Use of State Owned Land
– Issue Drivers License
• Local Government
– Government on the County, Parish, City or Town, or Village level
– This government has the greatest impact on your every day life
– Perform all the same functions as a state government on a smaller scale