7th Grade

Here is Section 2 of Chapter 4

Please make sure these are in your notes book by Wednesday

4-2
Culture and Society
How Society is Organized
Society- group of people that share a culture
Social Structure- pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society
Family is the most basic and most important social unit
Social Classes
Social Classes- groups of people based on rank or status
determined by: wealth, land, education, or ancestors
Kinds of families
Nuclear family- Mother, Father and kids
common in developed nations
Extended families- families that include several generation
less common and mainly found in developing and rural developed nations
Language
Language is the basis for culture
Each culture even if within the same country is different because of language
Religion
every culture has some sort of religion
Beliefs and practices may vary between religions
Helps make sense of the world
Provides comfort and hope
Helps to answer purpose and meaning of life
Guides people in ethics (standard or accepted behaviors).
All have prayer and rituals
One or many gods
Celebrate special places and times

7th Grade

Here are the notes I promised for Section 4-1. I did not post them because I did not get to discuss them in Core 3 yesterday. I like to talk through the notes before I post them so there is some connection and meaning to them, none the less here they are. What I will do is expect sections 1 & 2 in your notebook when we meet again on Wednesday of next week. That will give you 7 days to get the notes into your notebook.

Mr. Clark

Cultures of the World
Chapter 4
Sections 1 & 2

Understanding Cultures
Culture- people’s way of life including, their beliefs, customs, and practices.
Elements of Culture
Parents pass culture to their children and so on and so on.
Cultural traits are the way a people do things. These can change with time.
Language, spiritual beliefs, material things, right and wrong, and government
People and their land
To study culture, geographers look at Human-Environmental Interaction.
Environment does not always dictate culture.
Culture can have a big impact on environment.
Cultural Landscape- parts of a people’s environment that they have shaped and the technology they have used to shape it.
Development of Culture
4 major advances in technology-
Invention of tools millions of years ago
Control of fire
Development of farming
Development of civilization
Civilization- advanced cultures with cities and system of writing
Agricultural Revolution- when people began to rely mostly on farming for their food.
Irrigation is a major factor in this revolution
Full time farming allowed people to grow more than they need and build up surpluses of food. This allowed others to specialize as well outside of farming.
Led to the development of trading.
Industrial Revolution- 200 years ago people developed power-driven machines to make things
Development of Institutions
Institutions- customs and organizations with social, educational, and religious purposes.
After Agro. Revolution more complex institutions needed to be developed
Extended families, political institutions
As cities grew other institutions were needed
Organized religion
Armies for protection
Governments
Schools
Today we have new types of institutions
Sports clubs
Universities
Corporations
Institutions are an important part of our culture

8th Grade

Today we tested on Chapter 3. It was an open note test. I will have them graded and posted on PowerSchool by Friday. I have hhigh expectations on this one.

The notes are long, but you do not have History again until Tuesday next week. That gives you 6 days to do these. We will have an open note quiz just to check who did them.

Here are the notes

The 13 English Colonies
Chapter 4
Section 1 New England Colonies
• Puritans leave England for Massachusetts
– Wanted to separate from Roman Catholic Church
– Mainly well educated
– Persecuted by Charles I
– Given the charter to form Mass. Bay Company
– Non-first sons wanted to go in hopes of a better future
– Society based on biblical law
• Governing a Colony
– 1629 John Winthrop and 1000 colonists arrive
– Winthrop chosen as first governor
– Originally only stockholders had the right to vote
– Colonists resented taxes and laws passed without their input
– Eventually any male church member could vote
– General Court formed and used elected officials
– 1629-1640 colony grew to 15,000
– This movement of people became known as the Great migration
– Boston grew into the colony’s largest town
Problems in Massachusetts Bay
The questioning of authority was frowned upon
• Unhappy colonists were forced to leave
• This lead to the formation of new colonies in New England
• Thomas Hooker Founds Connecticut
• 1636- Hooker a minister leaves M.Bay
• Settled along the Connecticut River
• Believed officials in Mass. Bay had too much power
• Wanted a colony with strict limits on govt.
• Gets its own charter in 1662
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• All men had the right to vote
• Limited governments powers
• Roger Williams Settles Rhode Island
• Also left Mass. Bay due to disagreements
• Minister
• Good ideas but alarming to Puritan leaders
• Church had too much power in Mass. Bay
• Believed in separation of church and state
• Religious Tolerance- willingness to allow the practice of one’s own beliefs
• 1635 ordered to leave Mass. Bay
• Fled so as not to be sent back to England
• People flocked to Rhode Island
• Anne Hutchinson Speaks Out
• Devout Puritan
• Began to question Puritan authority privately
• Women should not have the power to explain God’s Laws
• 1637 brought before Mass. General Court
• Held her own until she claimed God spoke to her
• 1638 left for Rhode Island with family & friends
• Became a symbol for religious freedom
Puritans at War with Native Americans
• Originally contact between colonists and Native Americans was good
• As more settlers arrived, fighting broke out over land.
• 1670- 45,000 settlers in New England, on Native American land
• 1675- Largest conflict- Metacom’s(King Phillip) tribe attacked settlers. Destroyed 12 towns and killed 600+ settlers
• After more than a year of fighting, Metacom captured and killed, his family and about 1000 Indians were sold into slavery
• For years this pattern of expansion and fighting would continue
Life in New England Towns and Villages
• Tightly knit religious towns and villages
• Sabbath- religious holy day- taken very serious
• All day church activities were the only thing allowed
• Women and men separated at church
• Blacks and Indians sat in the balcony
• Children had a separate section as well
• Government
• Town Meetings- discussed and voted on issues
• Gave settlers a chance to speak their minds
• Encouraged growth of democratic ideas
• Economy
• Poor soil
• Good forests for lumber and hunting
• Sawmills were built
• Fishing- cod for food, whales for oil and other products
• Decline of the Puritans
• 1700’S decline of Puritan traditions
• Fewer people leaving England for religious reasons
• Ministers loosing influence

8th Grade

Test Wednesday the 1st. You have been working your way through Chapter 3. Completing the section assessments and outline in the sections into your notebook. You have done well in class working but I hope you have also been working outside of class on this task as well.

I will check your notebooks on Wednesday then have a review session and then we will take the test. Remember, focus on vocabulary, explorers, and settlements. Religious relationships among the colonies and Europe are important as well.

Mr. Clark

7th Grade

We will be testing over Chapter 3 Tuesday. That is 4 days from now. Please DO NOT cram. Read your notes then put it away. Come back to it later, read the notes and put it away. Do that every day, 2 or 3 times and you will be well prepared for the test. The key to test taking is exposure to the material. 6 10 minute study sessions is better than one 60 minute study session. Trust me.....believe me.....please do this. Your grade depends on it. :)

Mr. Clark

7th Grade

Here is a 2 minute clip on Free Market Economy vs. Command Economy. Please watch.

Mr. Clark

8th Grade

Here are 2 more videos. The first is a 9 minute clip of Jamestown and the second is a 9 minute clip of Plymouth. Again this is just reinforcement and not required.