8th Grade

Here is the outline for Section 1 of Chapter 5. We will move through this chapter fairly quickly. I have given you the outline, timeline, standards and study guide for this chapter. I implore you to study 10 minutes a night this chapter. You, for the most part, did not last chapter and we are all familiar with the results of that. Please, please, please be sure you are giving me 10 minutes a night. You will see improvement in your score. New quarter means a new opportunity!!

French & Indian War
Chapter 5
Section 1

European Rivals in N. America
Europe was in a struggle for empires.
Spain
Great Britain
France
All wanted to establish colonies all over the world.
Proxy war in America for supremacy
France claimed everything from St. Lawrence R. west to Great Lakes and south to Gulf of Mexico
Protected it with extensive fort system and Indian help

Conflict in the Ohio Valley
English were no longer content to stay by the coast
1740’s settlers began to cross Appalachians into France’s territory
France wanted to protect this area because they needed the Mississippi River to link there lands

Native Americans Choose sides
France was sure they had Indian support because they did not move in on the Indian’s land. Worked with Indians.
England was sure they would have Indian support because of trade relationship
Intermarriages between French and Indians and British and Indians tested loyalties
Algonquin and Huron Indians went with France
Iroquois went with British
British gained loyalty by under selling French

French & Indian War Begins
3 times between 1689 and 1748 Great Britain and France warred in Europe
1754 the 4th war broke out
Control of the Ohio River Valley was at stake
George Washington’s men fired the first shots

A Bold Young Leader
22 years old land surveyor (Washington)
Build a fort where Allegheny and Monongahela River met Ohio River
Led 150 men into Ohio country only to find the French had already constructed a fort where he wanted one
Fort Duquesne

Conflict at Fort Necessity
Washington led a surprise attack that scattered the French
Took over Fort Duquesne and renamed it Fort Necessity
French and Indians surrounded the fort and captured Washington and his men. After surrender, released Washington

Albany Congress
Delegates gathered in Albany, New York
Cement alliance with Iroquois and plan a united colonial defense
Ben Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union
It stated that- one general government, make laws, raise taxes, set up defense led by the Grand Council
Delegates liked it, not one assembly member approved it

A String of British Defeat
1755 General Edward Braddock led colonial troops at Fort Duquesne. Over confident he was killed and troops defeated.
Disaster for Braddock
Not accustomed to this new warfare, Braddock’s troops in their red coats and loud marching were easy targets
Washington was also shot and wounded


The Tide of the Battle Turns
1757, William Pitt take control of the troops
Pitt sends Britain’s best generals to N. America
Winning was the only option for Pitt
Canada’s most important fort, Louisbourg was captured
Fort Duquesne recaptured and renamed Fort Pitt and Pittsburg grew on the site of Fort Pitt

The Fall of New France
By 1759 British had pushed French out of Fort Ticonderoga, Niagara, Crown Point,
Battle for Quebec
Quebec was on the Plains of Abraham
Used to supply forts up the St. Lawrence River
General Wolfe snuck in under cover of darkness and greeted Montcalm in the morning
Wolfe was killed but got the victory

Treaty of Paris
September 18th 1759 French surrendered
Treaty of Paris marked the end of French control in America
Britain got Canada and all land east of Mississippi except New Orleans
French kept 2 islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence and West Indies
Spain got Florida and New Orleans for helping Britain
Peace would reign for the next 17 years